What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes that organisms go through can cause them to develop over time. This includes the appearance and 에볼루션 코리아 development of new species.

Numerous examples have been offered of this, such as different varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can live in either salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that favor specific host plants. These reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to the body's basic plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all living creatures that inhabit our planet for many centuries. The most well-known explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, an evolutionary process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those less well-adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to his or her offspring that includes recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished by both asexual or sexual methods.

All of these factors must be in balance to allow natural selection to take place. If, for example an allele of a dominant gene causes an organism reproduce and live longer than the recessive allele, 에볼루션 바카라바카라 에볼루션사이트 (daojianchina.com) then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism with a beneficial trait can reproduce and survive longer than one with an inadaptive characteristic. The more offspring that an organism has, the greater its fitness, which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and survive. People with good traits, like a long neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to live and reproduce and eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is an element in the population and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory, which states that animals acquire traits through use or lack of use. For instance, if a Giraffe's neck grows longer due to reaching out to catch prey its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck length between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck gets too long to not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles will diminish in frequency. This can result in an allele that is dominant in extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small number of people it could result in the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolution process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an outbreak or mass hunting event are concentrated in the same area. The survivors will carry an dominant allele, and will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by war, earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that is left might be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of variations in fitness. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical, share identical phenotypes but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift can play a crucial role in the evolution of an organism. It's not the only method for evolution. The most common alternative is to use a process known as natural selection, in which the phenotypic variation of a population is maintained by mutation and migration.

Stephens claims that there is a major difference between treating drift as a force or as a cause and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal mechanism account of drift allows us to distinguish it from these other forces, and this distinction is essential. He argues further that drift has both direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, often referred to as "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by inheriting characteristics that result from an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe stretching its neck to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This would cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed to their offspring, who would grow taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion living things evolved from inanimate matter through an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this could be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one giving the subject its first general and comprehensive analysis.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism grew into a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and that the two theories fought each other in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed, leading to the development of what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics can be passed down and instead, it claims that organisms evolve through the selective influence of environmental factors, such as Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to the next generation. However, this concept was never a major part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is due in part to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics there is a huge body of evidence supporting the possibility of inheritance of acquired traits. This is often called "neo-Lamarckism" or more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle to survive. In reality, this notion is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The struggle for existence is better described as a fight to survive in a specific environment. This may be a challenge for not just other living things but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution works it is beneficial to understand what is adaptation. It is a feature that allows living organisms to survive in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological structure like feathers or fur or a behavior like moving into shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold.

An organism's survival depends on its ability to obtain energy from the environment and to interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must have the right genes to create offspring, and must be able to access sufficient food and other resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing at an optimal rate within its niche.

These factors, along with mutation and gene flow result in changes in the ratio of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in the gene pool of a population. This shift in the frequency of alleles can result in the emergence of new traits and eventually new species as time passes.

Many of the characteristics we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, feathers or fur for insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physiological adaptations like the thick fur or gills are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to search for companions or to retreat to the shade during hot weather, are not. It is important to remember that a insufficient planning does not result in an adaptation. Inability to think about the consequences of a decision even if it seems to be rational, may make it unadaptive.